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Medical care --- Health care reform --- Health insurance --- Health Care Quality, Access, and Evaluation --- Public Policy --- Quality of Health Care --- Health Planning --- Delivery of Health Care --- Personality --- Health Policy --- Health Care Reform --- Leadership --- Quality Assurance, Health Care --- Patient Care Management --- Social Control Policies --- Health Care --- Health Services Administration --- Behavior and Behavior Mechanisms --- Health Care Economics and Organizations --- Psychiatry and Psychology --- Policy --- Social Control, Formal --- Sociology --- Social Sciences --- Anthropology, Education, Sociology and Social Phenomena

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Today, health insurance is a key component in the system of social security in most European Union countries. In many of these countries, modern health-insurance funds and healthcare insurers play an essential role in implementing the public health-insurance system. Many of these health-insurance funds have a long and fascinating history, of which clear traces can be seen today in the organisation and structure of health insurance, as well as health-insurance funds and insurers. In Two centuries of solidarity, the authors compare the systems of health insurance, health-insurance funds and healthcare insurers in Germany, Belgium and the Netherlands. Given the similar political, economic and social development that these countries have undergone in the past 60 years and the availability of a qualitatively high level of health care, one might expect a high degree of similarity between these countries' healthcare insurance systems. However, the dissimilarities are surprising. In fact, these differences are currently becoming ever more apparent between systems in general, and the structure and operation of the health insurance funds and health care insurers in particular. The differences include the compulsory nature of insurance, the extent of coverage, premiums, entrepreneurship, competition, and the degree of private insurance. Many of these national singularities can be understood and explained only by considering the historical background of the health insurance systems, the insurers, and their evolution over the past two centuries. This study adopts an institutional and political perspective towards a further understanding of the development of health insurance, and of how this ultimately determined the specific nature of the healthcare insurers and funds and the way they currently operate in Germany, Belgium and the Netherlands.

Insurance, Health -- history -- Belgium. --- Insurance, Health -- history -- Germany. --- Insurance, Health -- history -- Netherlands. --- Insurance --- History --- History, Modern 1601 --- -Insurance, Health --- Humanities --- Financing, Organized --- Economics --- Health Care Economics and Organizations --- Health Care --- Health insurance --- Social medicine --- Public health --- Medical care --- Medical sociology --- Medicine --- Medicine, Social --- Health plans, Prepaid --- Insurance, Health --- Medical care, Prepaid --- Medical insurance --- Prepaid health plans --- Prepaid medical care --- Sickness insurance --- Social aspects --- Public welfare --- Sociology --- Medical ethics --- Medical sociologists --- Ambulance service --- Health care reform --- Home care services --- Hospitals --- Medically uninsured persons --- Surgical clinics --- Prospective payment --- Emergency services --- Outpatient services --- Rehabilitation services --- History.

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Social Sciences --- Public Policy --- Health Care Quality, Access, and Evaluation --- Insurance, Health --- Patient Care Management --- Health Care --- Behavioral Sciences --- Social Control Policies --- Health Services Administration --- Anthropology, Education, Sociology and Social Phenomena --- Insurance --- Financing, Organized --- Social Control, Formal --- Behavioral Disciplines and Activities --- Policy --- Managed Care Programs --- Sociology --- Health Policy --- Delivery of Health Care --- Economics --- Psychiatry and Psychology --- Health Care Economics and Organizations --- Policies --- Healthcare Economics and Organizations --- Capital --- Conditions, Economic --- Consumption --- Cost of Living --- Easterlin Hypothesis --- Economic Conditions --- Economic Factors --- Economic Policies --- Economic Policy --- Economics, Home --- Factors, Economic --- Home Economics --- Household Consumption --- Macroeconomic Factors --- Microeconomic Factors --- Policies, Economic --- Policy, Economic --- Production --- Remittances --- Utility Theory --- Consumer Price Index --- Condition, Economic --- Consumer Price Indices --- Consumption, Household --- Economic Condition --- Economic Factor --- Factor, Economic --- Factor, Macroeconomic --- Factor, Microeconomic --- Factors, Macroeconomic --- Factors, Microeconomic --- Household Consumptions --- Hypothesis, Easterlin --- Index, Consumer Price --- Indices, Consumer Price --- Living Cost --- Living Costs --- Remittance --- Theories, Utility --- Theory, Utility --- Utility Theories --- Community-Based Distribution --- Contraceptive Distribution --- Delivery of Healthcare --- Dental Care Delivery --- Distribution, Non-Clinical --- Distribution, Nonclinical --- Distributional Activities --- Healthcare --- Healthcare Delivery --- Healthcare Systems --- Non-Clinical Distribution --- Nonclinical Distribution --- Delivery of Dental Care --- Health Care --- Health Care Delivery --- Health Care Systems --- Activities, Distributional --- Activity, Distributional --- Care, Health --- Community Based Distribution --- Community-Based Distributions --- Contraceptive Distributions --- Deliveries, Healthcare --- Delivery, Dental Care --- Delivery, Health Care --- Delivery, Healthcare --- Distribution, Community-Based --- Distribution, Contraceptive --- Distribution, Non Clinical --- Distributional Activity --- Distributions, Community-Based --- Distributions, Contraceptive --- Distributions, Non-Clinical --- Distributions, Nonclinical --- Health Care System --- Healthcare Deliveries --- Healthcare System --- Non Clinical Distribution --- Non-Clinical Distributions --- Nonclinical Distributions --- System, Health Care --- System, Healthcare --- Systems, Health Care --- Systems, Healthcare --- National Health Policy --- Health Policies --- Health Policies, National --- Health Policy, National --- National Health Policies --- Policies, Health --- Policies, National Health --- Policy, Health --- Policy, National Health --- Policy Making --- General Social Development and Population --- Managed Care --- Case Management, Insurance --- Insurance Case Management --- Managed Health Care Insurance Plans --- Care, Managed --- Managed Care Program --- Management, Insurance Case --- Program, Managed Care --- Programs, Managed Care --- Cost Sharing --- Case Management --- Risk Sharing, Financial --- Regulation --- Social Control --- Control, Social --- Controls, Social --- Formal Social Control --- Formal Social Controls --- Regulations --- Social Controls --- Public Policy --- Community Financing --- Grants --- Organized Financing --- Financing, Community --- Grant --- Indemnity --- Insurance Premiums --- Insurance Premium --- Premium, Insurance --- Premiums, Insurance --- Administration, Health Services --- Health Services --- Control Policies, Social --- Control Policy, Social --- Policies, Social Control --- Policy, Social Control --- Social Control Policy --- Proxemics --- Behavioral Science --- Proxemic --- Science, Behavioral --- Sciences, Behavioral --- Care Management, Patient --- Management, Patient Care --- Group Health Insurance --- Health Insurance --- Health Insurance, Voluntary --- Health Insurance, Group --- Insurance, Group Health --- Insurance, Voluntary Health --- Voluntary Health Insurance --- Healthcare Quality, Access, and Evaluation --- Migration Policy --- Population Policy --- Social Protection --- Social Policy --- Migration Policies --- Policies, Migration --- Policies, Population --- Policies, Public --- Policies, Social --- Policy, Migration --- Policy, Population --- Policy, Public --- Policy, Social --- Population Policies --- Protection, Social --- Public Policies --- Social Policies --- Policy Making --- Social Control, Formal --- Science, Social --- Sciences, Social --- Social Science --- organization & administration